Animal Protein-Based Foaming Agents in Lightweight Concrete: Chemistry, Performance, and Innovation foaming agent used in concrete
1. Origin, Structure, and Molecular Design
1.1 Natural Resource and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Pet protein-based lathering agents are derived largely from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from abattoir byproducts such as unguis, horns, bones, and hides.
With controlled alkaline or chemical hydrolysis, these architectural healthy proteins are damaged down right into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which have both hydrophilic (– NH â‚‚,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) useful teams.
This double affinity allows the particles to adsorb successfully at air– water interfaces during mechanical oygenation, reducing surface area tension and supporting bubble development– a vital requirement for producing uniform cellular concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, animal healthy protein foaming representatives are naturally degradable, non-toxic, and exhibit exceptional compatibility with Rose city cement systems as a result of their ionic nature and moderate pH buffering ability.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– commonly in between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight influences foam security, drain rate, and bubble dimension, making process control during hydrolysis essential for regular efficiency.
1.2 Foam Generation System and Microstructure Control
When diluted with water (usually at ratios of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced right into a foam generator, the healthy protein remedy creates a viscoelastic movie around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This movie withstands coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven growth of bigger bubbles at the expenditure of smaller ones– by creating a mechanically durable interfacial layer strengthened via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
The resulting foam shows high growth proportions (usually 15– 25:1) and low water drainage rates (
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